The late Dr. Hassan Habibi (1315–1391 SH / 1936–2012) — A scholar-statesman, jurist, and guardian of Iran’s cultural heritage.
Dr. Hassan Habibi was one of the most prominent figures of the Islamic Revolution—a jurist, sociologist, and dedicated guardian of Iran’s cultural heritage. From his early childhood in Tehran’s Mowlavi neighborhood to his academic journey at the University of Tehran and subsequent studies in France; from hosting Imam Khomeini at Neauphle-le-Château to drafting the country’s Constitution; from serving as the Minister of Culture and the Minister of Justice to holding the office of First Vice President; and from presiding over the Academy of Persian Language and Literature to founding the Iranology Foundation and the Amir Kabir Cultural Foundation—his life was a profound fusion of scholarship, politics, law, and cultural service. This page traces the milestones, executive roles, and scholarly contributions of his life through a detailed timeline and a comprehensive catalog of his works.
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From his family background and birth in Tehran to his primary and secondary education, marking the dawn of his social and political engagement during his youth.
Dr. Hassan Habibi’s ancestors were devout scholars who simultaneously engaged in commerce and skilled trades. His father was a student of religious sciences who had attained the high rank of *Ijtihad*, and his mother was a close relative of his father.
Dr. Hassan Habibi was born in the Mowlavi neighborhood in southern Tehran. As the eldest child of a middle-class family, he grew up with three brothers and one sister.
He began his preliminary education with his father at the age of five. Prior to entering formal schooling, he learned to read and write and commenced his Quranic studies. Even as a child, he had memorized verses from literary giants such as Hafez, Sa’di, Rumi, and Ferdowsi.
He completed the first and second grades of primary school within a single academic year. Alongside his formal education, he studied seminary subjects under the tutelage of his father and other instructors.
Heeding his family’s advice, he took up practical and skilled trades during his adolescence. Given his parents’ expertise in hosiery knitting, he worked in this trade during summer breaks. This hands-on experience exposed him to the labor environment, professional relations, and the entire supply chain—from sourcing and dyeing yarn to knitting and market distribution. These early insights proved invaluable later in life for understanding complex legal and social dynamics. Furthermore, he acquired skills in bookbinding and fabric dyeing during these formative years.
He initiated his political activities in 1329 SH (1950) and, while still a teenager, joined the ranks of the late Dr. Mohammad Mosaddegh’s supporters.
He successfully completed his high school education, earning dual diplomas in both Natural Sciences (the Sixth-Year Science Diploma) and Literature (the Sixth-Year Literature Diploma).
He was officially awarded his high school diploma.
He participated in the mandatory military conscription lottery and was granted an exemption from service.
His admission to the University of Tehran, studies in law, student activism, graduation, tenure at the Ministry of Finance, and eventual transition to the Institute for Social Studies and Research.
He passed the entrance examinations for both the Faculty of Law and the Faculty of Letters (in Philosophy and Persian Literature), ultimately choosing to pursue a degree in Law.
The following year, he retook the entrance examination for the Faculty of Letters, this time qualifying for the Philosophy and Educational Sciences program.
While in his second year of law school, he concurrently studied philosophy, although he eventually left the latter unfinished. During his freshman year, as an exercise to hone his Arabic proficiency, he translated two significant ethical texts: *Ādāb al-Muta’allimīn* (The Etiquette of Learners) and *Munyat al-Murīd fī Ādāb al-Mufīd wa’l-Mustafīd* (The Aspirant’s Desire on the Etiquette of Teacher and Student).
During his academic years, he was highly active in advocating for national demands. As a representative of Iranian university students, he participated in a high-profile debate with the sitting Prime Minister, Dr. Ali Amini.
He successfully concluded his undergraduate studies in the Judicial branch at the Faculty of Law.
He passed the entrance examination and was admitted to the doctoral program in Judicial Law.
At the time, the minimum age to obtain a law practice license was 25, whereas he was only 23. Although he could have legally altered his recorded age to take the bar exam, he chose not to do so. Instead, he took the entrance exam for the Ministry of Finance, qualifying for a position as a budget analyst.
He was invited by the Institute for Social Studies and Research at the Faculty of Letters to serve as a research assistant and to spearhead the establishment of a documentation center.
He resigned from his position at the Ministry of Finance to officially join the Institute for Social Studies and Research.
His extensive responsibilities included founding the Institute’s documentation center, compiling indexes of laws and sociological articles, managing domestic and international publications, overseeing research projects, drafting research proposals for the Plan and Budget Organization, and teaching both at the Institute and within the Social Sciences department at the Faculty of Letters.
His background in law, coupled with his tenure at the Institute for Social Studies and Research, inspired him to pivot toward the sociology of law within the cultural sphere as his primary academic pursuit.
He actively contributed to the Bar Association Journal (*Kānūn-e Vokalā*), writing several academic articles for the publication.
Pursuing doctoral degrees in law and sociology at the Sorbonne, actively participating in Islamic Student Associations in Europe, preserving Dr. Ali Shariati’s works, and hosting Imam Khomeini in Neauphle-le-Château.
He traveled to France to further his education, ultimately earning a doctorate in law from the Sorbonne. His doctoral dissertation in law, entitled “The Imamate in Shia Law,” scrutinized the theoretical underpinnings of Islamic jurisprudence concerning Islamic governance, the authority of the Infallible Imam, and the role of jurists as their general deputies. According to Dr. Habibi, this research profoundly influenced his later work in drafting Iran’s Constitution. Concurrently, he earned a doctorate in sociology; his dissertation was titled “Iranian Society through the Lens of Judicial Practice.”
He was a highly active member of the Islamic Student Associations in Europe (until 1979). One of his most significant cultural responsibilities was undertaking the publication and preservation of Dr. Ali Shariati’s works, fulfilling Shariati’s own behest. Shariati also resided at Habibi’s home in southern France for a period.
Upon Imam Khomeini’s relocation to Paris, Dr. Habibi integrated into his inner circle, acting as a host and playing an instrumental role in coordinating the Imam’s travel and residency arrangements.
Dr. Habibi was among the select few who accompanied Imam Khomeini on the historic “Revolution Flight” from Paris to Tehran.
From drafting the Constitution and serving on the Revolutionary Council to heading the Ministries of Culture and Justice, representing the public in Parliament, serving on the Guardian Council, and acting as First Vice President.
At the behest of Imam Khomeini, he formulated the initial draft of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, drawing upon comparative constitutional law. Following specific revisions, the draft was endorsed by the Imam and subsequently debated alongside other drafts in Tehran.
Dr. Habibi served as a core member of the Islamic Revolutionary Council.
He was appointed as the Minister of Culture and Higher Education in the provisional government of Mehdi Bazargan under the Islamic Revolutionary Council. In this capacity, he simultaneously served as a member of the Supreme Council of Education.
By the decree of Imam Khomeini, he was appointed to this headquarters, where he also functioned as its official spokesperson.
Dr. Habibi was elected as the representative for Tehran in the inaugural term of the Islamic Consultative Assembly (Parliament). He chaired the parliament’s Committee on Culture, Education, and Research.
From the very inception of this institution until the end of his life, Dr. Hassan Habibi served as a jurist member of the Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution.
He served as the Minister of Justice in the cabinet of Mir-Hossein Mousavi.
His tenure at the International Court of Arbitration in The Hague, where he dealt with intricate legal and cultural matters, underscored his esteemed academic and professional standing on the global stage.
He was appointed to the presiding board of this pivotal council.
He served three consecutive terms on the Guardian Council, initially elected in 1368 SH (1989) with an absolute majority vote from the parliament members.
He was the first person to assume the newly created office of First Vice President, serving consecutively in the administrations of Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani and Seyyed Mohammad Khatami.
He remained a permanent member of the Expediency Discernment Council until his passing in 1391 SH (2012). Furthermore, he was appointed as the council’s first Secretary in 1376 SH (1997).
In his later years, Dr. Habibi served as a prominent consultant for cultural policymaking at the highest executive levels of the state. Even without holding a formal executive office, he maintained a profound influence on the nation’s cultural trajectories.
His unwavering support for cultural heritage, the Persian language, and folk arts; his leadership roles in the Academy of Persian Language and Literature, the Iranology Foundation, and the Amir Kabir Cultural Foundation; and his dedication to the restoration of historic monuments.
He played an instrumental role in reinforcing the National Library’s mission as the cultural memory of the nation, contributing significantly to the collection, organization, and preservation of the country’s national cultural archives.
He acted as a cultural patron for Iran’s traditional arts, notably coffeehouse painting. His direct engagement with artists and profound respect for folk art were defining elements of his cultural ethos. Dr. Habibi is widely recognized as a key figure in the revival of the coffeehouse painting tradition.
Dr. Habibi maintained extensive cultural interactions with prominent satirists, most notably Kioumars Saberi (Gol-Agha), and steadfastly supported the publication of refined satire. This patronage played a vital role in elevating the visibility and significance of satire within public culture.
His membership in the National Commission for UNESCO highlighted his active cultural and academic participation at the international level, fostering the integration of Iranian culture with global organizations.
He was inducted as a permanent member of the Academy of Persian Language and Literature, the nation’s highest official authority on linguistics and literature. In this capacity, he exerted a profound, enduring, and scholarly influence on linguistic policymaking.
Through his dedicated efforts, the specialized Terminology Council was established within the Academy of Persian Language and Literature. Over recent decades, this council has emerged as one of the most vital institutions for the Persian language, tasked with devising equivalents for foreign loanwords.
His notable achievements during his first term as President of the Academy included establishing its comprehensive organizational structure, selecting its members, forming specialized commissions, drafting terminology policies, founding research departments, and devising long-term strategies for the preservation and advancement of the Persian language.
He spearheaded the restoration of the dilapidated sections of this historic monument, rehabilitating its original architectural elements. In collaboration with the Cultural Heritage Organization and the Mostazafan Foundation, he successfully transitioned the building from an administrative facility into a public museum.
Driven by his profound appreciation for culture, the historic Negarestan Garden—the cradle of higher education at the University of Tehran—was preserved, restored, and safeguarded against non-cultural encroachments, thereby reclaiming its educational and cultural legacy.
Through his persistent advocacy, invaluable historic houses across various regions of the country were restored and preserved, ensuring the survival of vital fragments of the nation’s cultural heritage.
He directed the repatriation of priceless artifacts, including the Shahnameh of Shah Tahmasp and other historical manuscripts, successfully returning them to Iran’s national treasuries.
He founded the specialized library for Persian language and literature to bolster research in linguistics, literature, and the history of the language. This initiative facilitated the acquisition of rare reference materials and provided scholars with comprehensive research services.
The “Grand Order of Independence,” one of the highest state honors of the Islamic Republic of Iran, was bestowed upon Dr. Habibi by the incumbent President, Ayatollah Hashemi Rafsanjani. The award recognized his outstanding and meritorious services as First Vice President and his instrumental role in the nation’s administration.
In recognition of his exceptional academic and cultural contributions, the University of Tehran conferred an honorary doctorate in Sociology upon Dr. Hassan Habibi. This accolade celebrated over three decades of his undeniable impact on the advancement of the nation’s science and culture.
He established an academic-cultural institution dedicated to the research, preservation, and promotion of Iran’s culture, language, history, civilization, and architecture. Serving as its founder and inaugural president until the end of his life, he transformed it into one of the premier centers for Iranian studies. The Foundation’s headquarters is one of the rare contemporary structures in Iran designed strictly in accordance with Iranian-Islamic architectural principles and is officially registered as a cultural heritage site.
He established this non-profit cultural foundation to curate and aggregate artworks, documents, books, and gifts for public benefit. A portion of these collections was converted into the foundation’s museum, thereby making a segment of the country’s enduring cultural heritage accessible to the public.
His accomplishments at the Iranology Foundation included the expansion of provincial branches, a significant increase in the publication of specialized literature on Iranian culture and history, and the establishment of the largest specialized library for Iranian studies in the country.
In collaboration with Shahid Beheshti University, he established a master’s degree program in Iranology hosted at the Foundation.
In 1383 SH (2004), he was honored as one of the nation’s “Enduring Faces” (Chehreh-ye Mandegar) of science, a prestigious title that stands as a testament to his monumental academic and cultural footprint.
His key initiatives during his second term as President of the Academy included consolidating and deepening research efforts, expanding the specialized library and reference archives, and broadening the Academy’s national scope of activities.
This prestigious order was awarded to him by the then-President, Seyyed Mohammad Khatami, in recognition of his invaluable scholarly publications and works, as well as his sincere dedication to elevating the academic standards of students through his extensive tenure as a university professor.
The passing of Dr. Habibi on Bahman 12, 1391 SH (January 31, 2013), his funeral and burial at the Mausoleum of Imam Khomeini, and the subsequent posthumous tributes.
He passed away at 1:00 AM on Thursday, Bahman 12, 1391 SH (January 31, 2013)—coinciding with the anniversary of his historic return to Iran—at the age of 76, following a prolonged illness. In his condolence message, Ayatollah Khamenei referred to him as an “old companion of the Revolution and a committed scholar,” noting that his debilitating and lengthy illness only added patience, submission, and reliance on God to his extensive list of virtues.
Following a majestic funeral procession commencing from the Iranology Foundation, his remains were interred at the Mausoleum of Imam Khomeini. Seyyed Hassan Khomeini led the funeral prayer. The names of his parents, Baqer and Fatemeh, are inscribed on his tombstone.
The Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance officially paid posthumous tribute to Dr. Habibi’s relentless services across the multifaceted domains of the country’s culture, language, and heritage.
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This work was translated as an exercise to enhance his Arabic proficiency during his freshman year at the University of Tehran.
Similarly, this book was translated as an Arabic language exercise during his first year of university.
A section of this work was translated by him in his youth.
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